If it continues through December, the impact would grow to USD 79 million. If it lasts until June , the deficit will top USD million A survey conducted in May by the Council of European Municipalities and Regions CEMR on the impact of the crisis on local and regional finance confirms the significant impact on local finance, as in addition to their significant losses in income, local governments are on the frontline of the crisis response and faced with large increases in expenditure.
The survey identifies that the increase in expenditure was mostly due to the purchase of protective equipment for civil servants and exposed workers, the cost of implementing lockdown and protection measures, and support to the most vulnerable. As for loss of income, the main sources were a fall in tax revenues from personal income taxes and taxes on businesses as a result of the drastic slowdown of economic activity While the crisis put short term pressure on health and social expenditure, its strongest impact is expected in the medium term.
The impact of COVID has compounded with existing socio-economic vulnerabilities and disproportionately affected vulnerable populations and minorities. Low-paid workers, who are likely to have fewer savings and less likely to be able to telework, were severely hit by measures such as social distancing and closures in retail, transport, restaurants and other services.
Homeless people, estimated to be 1. For the elderly people, many of whom live alone and tend not to have a family member or friend to rely on, COVID places severe restriction on their daily life independence generating loneliness and other psychological impacts, in addition to the higher risk of complication in case of infection.
Women, who are overrepresented in service sectors e. For Manchester UK , socioeconomic inequalities are considered the priority emergency to recover from the crisis, as areas with a higher concentration of inadequate housing and precarious employment were much more affected by the coronavirus.
This pattern was also made visible on a regional scale: as of 5 June, while the R rate had decreased below 1 in London and the South of the UK, it was still above 1 in the north west of the country Manchester is working with local communities through consultation and research to assess the impact of the crisis on vulnerable populations and minorities.
Bristol UK also recognized that the COVID crisis and the social distancing rules have exacerbated dynamics of social-economic inequalities. The city is supporting and taking into consideration studies and recommendations by civil society organisations addressing these disparities Findings from a survey and report by BSWN to inform local action reveal that BAME communities tend to be overrepresented in sectors that have been hit the hardest by the covid crisis, such as food industries and retailers, the arts, cultural and creative sectors, and taxi drivers and other low-income jobs among the self-employed, and that this was compounded by existing unequal ground in terms of health, housing and ICT access, as well as historical difficulties in accessing national funding for BAME grassroots organisations In addition, without coordinated and substantive action, the COVID crisis will put low-carbon investments at risk, due in part to two major reasons: first, economic uncertainty tends to induce firms to reduce or postpone investment and innovation activity, which is particularly important for investments in the energy sector; second, low fossil-fuel energy prices provide weaker incentives for investment in low-carbon and energy efficiency technology at all stages Reduced transport has had a positive impact on air quality during the confinement in many cities of the world.
Global levels of nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant linked to cars, have hit a record low. Cities in India and China also recorded reductions in sulphur oxide concentrations as industrial activities were curtailed However, as COVID related lockdowns have ended in many countries, nitrogen dioxide concentration is also increasing — in China for instance, nitrogen dioxide concentrations are back to normal levels Pollution levels, which are higher in cities, are cause to lung and heart damage and are responsible for at least 7 million early deaths a year Nitrogen dioxide — produced from power plants, vehicles and other industrial facilities — can have significant impacts on human health, such as increasing the likelihood of developing respiratory problems.
This may have a more serious impact on city dwellers and those exposed to toxic fumes, than on others During the COVID crisis, volumes of solid waste have risen, including unrecyclable waste such as disposable masks and gloves which have been washing up on beaches around the world due to improper disposal. While 3, tonnes are usually generated in Catalonia about tonnes per month , since the start of the confinement in March, the generation has reached up to 1, tons, which is tons more than usual This prompted reflections on issues of privacy rights, and universality of internet access.
In terms of contact tracing and ensuring social distancing, cities have indeed adopted varied approaches in their use of data. The city of Newcastle UK is using smart city technologies to assess whether social distancing is respected In Daegu Korea , the epidemiological investigation during the outbreak was able to use the data hub of the smart city, to trace patient routes Seoul Korea was also using geolocalisation data, bank card usage, and video surveillance Other cities opted for less individualised monitoring options, such as using urban data to observe collective density and mobility patterns.
For instance, Mexico City Mexico used a partnership with google maps and waze to monitor mobility trends 56 , and Budapest Hungary is using smart city tools to identify high concentrations of people The database was initially designed to share information between cities on issues like traffic and pollution.
Health authorities plan to leverage that network to reduce the time it takes to find and isolate COVID cases. However, despite the positive impact to contain the epidemic, their use raises privacy concerns. For example, the European Commission is currently liaising with eight European telecommunications operators to obtain anonymised aggregate mobile geolocation data to coordinate measures tracking the spread of COVID To address privacy concerns, the data will be deleted once the crisis is over Remote working and studying also became the norm for a large part of the population as cities enforced lockdowns or social distancing measures.
In fact, polls have shown that citizens maintain new work and travel habits after transportation crises. However, people and places are unequal regarding teleworking. While some workers can reduce their exposure to the risk of contagion by teleworking, or benefit from preventive measures, many cannot because of the nature of their job, pre-existing inequalities, or the digital divide.
Secondly, not everyone can work from home. Cities initially provided rapid or temporary measures to try and bridge that gap. Boston public schools are also providing a Chromebook to students in need of a device.
In New York US the city has 25, Chromebooks in stock to give to students, but still has about , students who lack access to devices. In Yokohama Japan , as there might be students who cannot access to the internet, some of the lessons were made to be available to watch on the sub channel of a local TV station TV Kanagawa from 20 April.
Milan Italy has launched a call for donations of devices or internet connections to schools that have started remote learning. The City of Toronto Canada has partnered with ICT companies to provide free temporary internet access for low-income neighbourhoods, long-term care homes and shelters. As cities move from emergency responses to long term strategies, strengthening and extending the access to internet access and digital equipment becomes an important feature of recovery and resilience.
Mobility has been strongly impacted by the COVID pandemic and provided cities with a momentum to rethink their approach towards urban space and suggest alternative options. For example, cities have been promoting cycling as one of the favoured options for the post-confinement period as part of the tactical urbanism movement see part III.
Moving into more long term and permanent strategies, cities are now investing in active mobility infrastructure, improved public transport safety and accessibility, and low emission transport options, such as electric vehicles and scooters.
While the impact of COVID on public transport systems has been significant, in most OECD countries, transport systems have shown a remarkable capacity to enforce hygiene and distance measures during the lockdown exiting, thus limiting the creation of new transport-related clusters. Many urban public transport systems indeed adapted to this unprecedented crisis, successfully ensuring a minimum level of service and maintenance and rapidly deploying strict hygiene measures to protect the health of employees and transport users, but significant challenges remain Urban transport agencies around the world have also faced unprecedented low levels of ridership and corresponding losses in fare revenue that are threatening their financial stability and which will continue for months to come in a context where physical distancing may be required in public transport:.
Decreased capital spending could also lead to the loss of 37, construction jobs in and 34, jobs in due to project delays and cancellations. Quarterly transit revenue gaps are estimated to range between USD 4. Between 9 May and 11 June in France , there were new coronavirus clusters but none were associated with public transport.
Similarly, after lifting its state of emergency in late May, Japan reported that during its outbreak no new clusters were traced to public transport 77 rather they were primarily traced to gyms, bars, and music venues While these observations and data are only over a short period, the lack of explicit transport-related clusters may be due to the effective implementation of physical distancing and the respected use of masks; alongside other factors such as reduced ridership, stricter hygiene measures, or difficulty in directly locating the exact origin source of the cluster.
However, it nonetheless provides encouraging signs about the possibility of safely using public transport during such a pandemic. Compact cities have long been praised for their benefits , which include dense development patterns, better accessibility to local services and jobs, short intra urban distances and public transport systems with positive contributions to the efficiency of infrastructure investments, the reduction of energy consumption and CO 2 emissions as well as knowledge diffusion and economic growth However, with COVID, debates have started to emerge on the vulnerability of densely populated cities and their likelihood to the spread of the virus, due to the close proximity among residents and the difficulty in applying social distancing measures.
Recent findings however suggest that urban density is not automatically correlated with higher infection rates.
Controlling for other factors such as race and education, the study found that county density was not significantly associated with infection rate, and even found that denser counties — as opposed to more sprawling ones — tended to have lower death rates. The study attributed this lower death rate to a higher level of development including better health system.
Finally, they found that higher infection and mortality rate were actually correlated with a higher proportion of people age 60 and up, a lower proportion of college-educated people, and a higher proportion of African Americans These research findings also imply that it is not density alone that make cities vulnerable to COVID, but the structural economic and social conditions of cities making them more or less able to implement effective policy responses.
For instance, cities marked with inequalities, inadequate housing conditions and a high concentration of urban poor are potentially more vulnerable than those that are better resourced, less crowded and more equal. In some Asian countries, early action the implementation of teleworking and lockdown orders , and early testing and extensive tracing of COVID cases have succeeded in avoiding large outbreaks in several hyper-dense cities such as Hong Kong, Seoul and Tokyo.
Within these hyper-dense cities, in many of the affluent areas, people were able to shelter in place, work remotely, and have all of their food and other needs delivered to them, thereby reducing their exposure to the virus. Evidence from Chinese richer highly dense cities like Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Tianjin, and Zhuhai had fewer confirmed cases due to the capacity to mobilise enough fiscal resources and the provision higher-grade facilities and services to their residents On the other hand, in poorer higher-density suburbs, many are crammed together in multifamily, multi-generational households or in frontline service work in close physical proximity others or the public without adequate social distancing measures or protection, with greater exposure to the risk of infection.
This density divide between rich and poor is also apparent in geographic breakdown of the virus across New York City: COVID is hitting hardest not in dense Manhattan but in the less-dense outer boroughs, like the Bronx, Queens, and even far less dense Staten Island In Singapore, it is reported that the latest exponential spread of COVID has emerged from high-density dormitories that house the many thousands of long-term foreign workers Similarly, in Melbourne , a public housing estate had to be suddenly locked down, as the conditions in the building made social distancing impossible Moreover, people living in informal settlements are more vulnerable to be infected than those living in more adequate conditions.
This was very clear in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where inefficient urban planning and inadequate housing are complicating the response to the crisis Cities are adapting urban design, reclaiming public spaces for citizens, and rethinking location of essential urban functions to ensure easier access to urban services and amenities while securing safety and health for their residents.
In the context of COVID, concepts such as the 15 minute city developed by Carlos Moreno have gained traction as a means to increase the quality and sustainability of life in cities, by ensuring access to six essential functions in a short perimeter: to live, to work, to supply, to care, to lean, and to enjoy The Adaptation Plan of Milan Italy embraces this concept by ensuring that the accessibility of services is also accompanied by the promotion of the flexibility of usage of existing infrastructure and amenities, for instance using school buildings during the summer to welcome people and make their green areas accessible Montreal Canada is using the COVID crisis to pursue a reflection on the future of the urban form and urban uses in its city centre, consulting universities and businesses — which have introduced remote working during the lockdown — to define a new hybrid system between remote working and the continued need and use of physical space.
Public space will play a key role in striking this balance, and will be arranged to remain attractive to citizens, while enabling social distancing, through the extension of terraces on sidewalks, and pedestrianisation of streets.
The crisis also highlighted the importance of accessible green spaces for many cities and their residents. Paris is also planning to relocate part of its food production, to reduce the average distance travelled by food from its production to the Parisian consumer, which is currently of km: an issue in terms of environmental impact, but also a threat of shortages in case of shock or blocked transport Montreal Canada also plans to increase the number of green spaces to ensure they are within walking distance for every resident The crisis raised awareness on the risks of shortages of resources and oversaturation of health facilities, prompting cities to secure, increase and relocate certain essential services and resource production.
Seoul Korea has committed large investments in public healthcare, establishing a monitoring system of the pandemic, and new municipal facilities that include a public medical school, a research centre on infectious diseases and an epidemiological lab Cities have been collaborating with a wide range of actors, including the national and regional governments, urban stakeholders and citizens, in order to design and implement immediate, short-term and long-term responses to multiple dimensions of COVID crisis.
Domestic and international city networks, such as the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth Initiative , have been active in peer learning and exchanging knowledge and experience. They are also playing a key role in their dialogue with the regional and national levels and on the international stage, to call for immediate assistance, for coordinated actions during and after lockdowns, and for a holistic and integrated approach to long-term urban recovery and resilience.
In many countries, differences in priorities and political contexts have often created some tensions across levels of government. Effective multi-level dialogue and coordination mechanisms have been essential to ease them and manage the challenging situations.
Dialogue with national and regional levels of government was crucial for cities to effectively respond to the emergencies in the early stages of the pandemic, particularly to manage healthcare capacity, and remains so as countries are rolling out ambitious economic recovery packages.
Mexico City Mexico entered into a close cooperation with the state government, to coordinate the capacity of hospitals in the region.
Both levels of governments are now expecting to carry on this dialogue on another urgent issue: water management in a context of scarcity In the United Kingdom , coordination between cities, local authorities and national government has been crucial in the fight against the pandemic, and a set of funding schemes have been established to help small businesses.
In order to get these funds to businesses as quickly as possible, they are being channelled through local authorities. In Turkey , the national government announced direct financial aid for regions. Local agencies are also proposing measures and providing financial support to SMEs and other relevant institutions. Pandemic boards have been established in each city to monitor the measures and take additional ones if necessary, ensuring the continuity of local public services.
In Spain , territorial policy has been reformed to allow local authorities to hold virtual meetings and to allow municipalities to be able to use their budgetary surpluses specifically with COVID The autonomy given to municipalities to have their own responses, complements the innovations from civil society and NGOs. The Spanish Federation of Cities and Provinces FEMP is playing an important role in the management of this crisis and has been gathering regularly with the government to draft agreements for the post-pandemic, including economic ones Some cities took leadership in developing or advocating for innovative policy responses to the crisis, which were then scaled up at the national level.
In the United Kingdom, Manchester , London , Birmingham and Liverpool spoke in a united voice to the national government, successfully advocating for making masks mandatory on public transport, and for the regional disaggregation of monitoring the R rate Seoul Korea took a leadership role in the immediate crisis response, through the installation of crisis centres, social distancing, and mandatory masks in public transport.
Such measures were then adopted nationally afterwards As cities are coming out of emergency phases, and defining recovery strategies, some are further calling for more financial support from higher levels of government, as well as more budgetary flexibility, to ensure long term responses are adapted to local needs, and invest in increased resilience, sustainability, and equity. The COVID response and recovery processes have proven that domestic and international city networks can play a key role in peer learning, exchanging knowledge and experience, and in taking leadership in policy making.
The OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth Initiative created a private discussion forum where cities can exchange practices on how to respond to the global health crisis and create more resilient, green and inclusive cities that leave no one behind. At the webinar The COVID crisis in cities: a tale of two lockdowns 99 within a new Inequality Matters webinar series, Champion Mayors shared their efforts to reduce sources of vulnerability and provided useful lessons to build greater resilience for the future.
Many Champion Mayors have also been actively leading innovative responses and recovery strategies at the global scale, as examples of this note demonstrate. The Global Resilient Cities Network has been particularly active throughout the coronavirus crisis, mobilising its community of chief resilience officers to regularly share expertise and their experiences in responding to the crisis. They also launched an open, participatory and collaborative platform in which cities could exchange knowledge and learning, and identify key actions and initiatives to address the impacts of the crisis and further future proof their systems in the face of global challenges It notably commits to use their collective voices to ensure that governments support both cities and the investment needed in cities, and that international and regional institutions invest directly in cities to support a healthy, equitable and sustainable recovery In July, these principles were further detailed into the C40 Mayors Agenda for a Green and Just Recovery , outlining measures focused on creating green jobs, investing in crucial public services, protecting mass transit, supporting essential workers, and giving public spaces back to people and nature The Eurocities network also made a joint declaration entitled EU recovery powered by cities calling the European Commission to involve cities more in EU recovery programmes and for direct access for cities to European funding Multidisciplinary policy coordination has been essential to monitor the socio-economic situation, generate timely policy responses and coordinate action plans for recovery.
Another key lesson is the importance of engaging urban stakeholders and citizens for the development of recovery strategies from the COVID crisis. Multi-disciplinary experts and citizens have been playing an important role not only in ensuring that strategies are more comprehensive and multi-sectoral, but also in making the processes more inclusive for consensus building and increased ownership. Stakeholders ranged from different tiers of government both horizontally and vertically, research and academic institutions, multilateral organisations and banks, philanthropic foundations and funders, and community-level stakeholders Bristol United Kingdom is developing its One City Economic Recovery Plan through the One City Economic Board, building on outputs from engagement with thousands of businesses, voluntary and community organisations, experts, academics, and partner organisations through a series of webinars, surveys and interactive workshops.
This is in line with the established One City Approach: a mechanism to bring the city together in a new way; reflecting that cities are systems and that the decisions of one institution impact upon the whole city. Barcelona Spain is working on a city pact with stakeholders from the social, cultural and sports sectors, as well as political parties, to reflect on how to best answer the crisis Residents, businesses and communities will play a significant role in successfully restoring communities as well as social and economic infrastructure.
The city asked for citizen views on how Toronto can recover and rebuild by taking a survey completed on 15 July, Montreal Canada is working with universities and businesses to define the future hybrid system of city, finding a balance between remote working and studying, and maintaining physical activities in the city Sydney Australia is in the midst of preparing a City Recovery Plan, which is being informed by inputs collected from a survey opened to public consultation between 18 May to 3 June.
This survey has allowed the city to receive direct input and suggestions on behalf of local businesses, property owners, organisations, residents, workers, students and other groups, which will be made available in a public report. The city has also invited all residents to submit additional feedback, and has specifically provided support for residents with hearing or speech impairments or in need of an interpreter Melbourne Australia , also opened an online platform for residents to participate and share how the crisis has changed their priorities and perspective on the future of the city, which will serve to inform their long term recovery plan To support its tourism recovery, Valmiera Latvia organised a hackathon to generate and finance ideas and projects to facilitate Latvian and Estonian tourism back to the city Some cities are already looking beyond the crisis to the recovery efforts that will be required following the COVID outbreak.
Cities have always been places of creativity and innovation, and local leaders are ensuring this will be the case once again. There is certainly momentum now to take bold, courageous decisions that can be politically costly but are more socially acceptable than they were a few months ago.
Civic duty and community involvement are prevailing over individual interest to protect vulnerable groups. This can inspire lasting behavioural shifts to make cities more resilient and more efficiently connected with rural areas, in terms of the way goods are produced, energy consumed and transport organised.
Typically, projections on the impact of demographic change, urbanisation and climate change on cities may threaten the social wellbeing and economic growth of current and future generations. In the face of such megatrends, cities can accelerate their efforts to put in place actions to become more resilient, greener, circular and smarter, before a new crisis may hit.
Global agendas, such as the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs and the Paris Agreement, provide a key opportunity for national, regional and local governments to advance a new sustainable development paradigm as well as to prioritise investments and resources to recover from the pandemic. Key lessons from urban resilience show that three steps are required to institute effective risk management: preparation, prevention and response. While this note focused on responses, preparation and prevention should guide future actions.
Resilience in cities can be achieved not only by responding to a crisis, but by preparing for future crises and preventing them. Preparation provides a foundation to manage and limit damage, while considering the cost and time required for recovering from crisis.
Prevention is a proactive way to reduce exposure to social, economic and environmental crisis in the long-term through regulation, fiscal instruments as well as investment in resilient urban infrastructure.
The COVID crisis and the responses to it underline the importance and potential of long-term strategies for cities to be more inclusive , greener and smarter in their recovery efforts and the underlying governance and financing needs to enable transformation Figure 1.
Some cities are investing in education and skill development to support the most vulnerable people and make the post COVID society more inclusive. If you are still having issues with printing, I recommend installing the preview updates listed in the Master Patch list.
For certain shared printers in peer-to-peer networks, we are still seeing issues triggered by the November 9 updates. While Microsoft has released out-of-band updates for authentication issues, they have not put the same priority on printing issues triggered by the updates. This issue occurs after you install the November 9, , security updates on domain controllers DCs that are running Windows Server, and you need to install this update on your domain controllers to fix this issue.
Read the full story in the AskWoody Plus Alert I work in an industry that keeps promising we are going paperless, but we still find ways to kill trees.
Physical printing is still very important to me and many other professionals. Any problem with printing will affect productivity. Each month, when new updates come out, one of my top priorities is to test printing. Can I print? If I can, then I know I can keep the new patches installed. But why are we constantly fighting issues with printing, and why are we constantly patching our systems for printing?
Read the full story in the AskWoody Plus Newsletter This story also appears in the AskWoody Free Newsletter F These early days of Win11 are looking a bit rough. Deepfakes are a growing problem. Could taking a selfie be your best defense? In the last column, we saw why law must lag technology. It must, because legislators have no better crystal ball than the rest of us — and judges, faced with the task of extrapolating existing statutes to situations that were not foreseen, reach different conclusions as to how to draw the curve.
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